Showing posts with label intelligence. Show all posts
Showing posts with label intelligence. Show all posts

Biocapital: The Constitution of Postgenomic Life Review

Biocapital: The Constitution of Postgenomic Life
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Biocapital: The Constitution of Postgenomic Life Review"Biocapital" by Kaushik Sunder Rajan is an impressive book that offers a sophisticated analysis of the biotech industry. Written as an MIT graduate student well-grounded in Marxian economics and Foucauldian social theories, Mr. Rajan's ethnographic study compares and contrasts biotech companies in the U.S. and India to illuminate how industrial practices are shaped by a myriad of economic and cultural forces. Among the many insights produced in this fascinating study, the author convincingly demonstrates how the so-called 'life sciences' are representative of a new phase of capitalism that is characterized by the temporality of our postmodern time.
Mr. Rajan discusses how biotech is changing relationships and practices between public and private entities. He explains that high tech capitalism is dependent upon information in order to innovate and produce; traditionally, this service was fulfilled by publicly-funded research institutions. But the speed at which the biotech industry competes has blurred these boundaries; the race to map and "own" the human genome that pitted the National Institute of Health against Celera Genomics is a case in point. The author explores struggles over privacy and ownership rights, finding that governments are responding to these pressures by behaving more like corporations. For example, the U.S. has seen an explosion in partnerships between universities and private corporations while the Indian state has sought to retain genetic property rights for its public hospitals. In this sense, Mr. Rajan's narrative positions the biotech industry squarely in the vanguard of contemporary global economic and institutional change.
Mr. Rajan's extensive comparative analysis reveals how such dynamics play out in markedly different ways in local contexts. In the U.S., the author describes how messianic corporate leaders hype their miracle drugs as salvationary promise; venture capital sometimes finances ritualistic displays of excess that intends to inscribe corporate brands on the minds of investors and employees. The author explains that a reverence for free market capitalism and the fetish of personalized medicine compels investors to risk massive amounts of money on little more than the promise of scientific discovery. However, the process of calling the future into the present creates a tension between the promise and the reality, a problem that is addressed by corporate public relations departments -- including marketing campaigns that are aimed at introducing remedies for consumer patients-in-waiting at progressively earlier stages of intervention.
In India, Mr. Rajan traces technocapitalism to the postcolonial drive to invest in science as a path to empowering the independent state. Consequently, he finds that Indian entrepreneurship is much more conservative than in the U.S. In fact, many Indian companies tend to engage in production or research work on a contractual basis for western businesses. The author discusses how the ideal of the American free market is often balanced against socialist values that stress the sharing of scientific discovery to the benefit of the community, suggesting how struggles over the future of the Indian economy might be waged.
Interestingly, Mr. Rajan chose GeneEd as the major case study for the book in part because it highlights the experiences of Indian entrepreneurs working and living in the U.S. The fascinating narrative reveals how the hegemonic power of capitalism instills social meaning among workers who dedicate themselves to fulfilling the firm's mission. Yet the author finds age-old themes at play, such as the alienation of labor that resulted from the company's pursuit of a growth strategy that commodified some skill sets while valuing others. Despite the fact that GeneEd plays a peripheral industry role, the structural and cultural logics of biotech become visible to us thanks to Mr. Rajan's brilliantly perceptive and expert commentary. We learn how GeneEd might have evolved but was moved in a particular direction owing to a mix of external market forces and the specific decisions of its capable leadership team.
I highly recommend this book to demanding readers interested in an interdisciplinary perspective on technoscientific capitalism and its connection to our past, the present, and our many possible futures.Biocapital: The Constitution of Postgenomic Life Overview

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Successful Intelligence: How Practical and Creative Intelligence Determine Success in Life Review

Successful Intelligence: How Practical and Creative Intelligence Determine Success in Life
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Successful Intelligence: How Practical and Creative Intelligence Determine Success in Life ReviewThis book is a strange hybrid: part informal discussion of flaws in intelligence testing, part autobiography, part self-help manual. Many of Professor Sternberg's criticisms of IQ testing are right on target, but his argument is diffuse and interlarded with the same personal anecdotes told over and over. We hear a great deal about his own poor IQ scores in elementary school, how his son Seth exhibits creative intelligence, how his talented grad students' careers were hobbled by poor test scores. It concludes with his definition of true intelligence (what he calls "successful intelligence"), which is basically a catch-all category for common sense or street smarts (what Howard Gardner calls "interpersonal intelligence") and self-discipline. The traits of successful intelligence turn out to be rather obvious: Successfully intelligent people know when to perservere; successfully intelligent people seek to surmount personal difficulties; successfully intelligent people are self-confident but not cocky and can delay gratification in order to achieve long-term goals; etc., etc. All very true, and all very old.
Still, the book has enough interesting remarks on the history and errors of intelligence testing to make it worth reading. If Professor Sternberg had organized the book a little better and eliminated some of the redundancies, I would have given it four or five stars. As it is, I give it three.Successful Intelligence: How Practical and Creative Intelligence Determine Success in Life Overview

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The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability (Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence) Review

The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability (Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence)
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The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability (Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence) ReviewJensen's definitions and descriptions of his science are fascinating. g stands for General Ability. It is neither IQ nor intelligence itself. Intelligence, per Jensen, is the capacity of all animals to perceive and act upon the natural world.
The Intelligence Quotient is a statistical artifice that maps individuals' problem solving abilities into a linear scale according to a Gaussian bell-curve distribution. By definition the average IQ is 100 and the standard deviation (SD) 15. By the properties of the bell curve approximately 2/3 of the population falls within one SD of the median, that is, between 85 and 115.
However, as Jensen points out repeatedly, general ability is not a linear function. The discriminators are whether or not an individual can solve specific problems. There is no way to define a lineal relationship between two individuals if once can figure out (for instance) the lowest primo number greater than 90 and another cannot, or one can figure that context requires the word above to be "prime" not "primo" and another cannot. There is no metric for "g" itself. Rather, all tests of mental ability have a degree of "g loading." Psychometrics is the science of assessing and manipulating information about a quality that cannot be measured directly.
Jensen devotes much energy to defending the validity of "g", this thing that defies direct measurement. It is real because:
a) It is statistically "there." It is highly correlated among myriad tests.
b) It works in the real world. There is no single discriminator that approaches the value of "g", usually proxied by an IQ test score, as a predictor of educational or job performance.
c) It has equal predictive power for both sexes, all ages and all populations of mankind. It is independent (as he takes endless pages to prove) of race, language and socio-economic status (SES).
d) Many seemingly unrelated kinds of tests all turn out to measure the same thing. Tests may be verbal or pictorial, or may simply measure the time it takes to react to and act upon a visual or auditory stimulus.
e) By adulthood it no longer has much to do with advantages such as hearing Mozart in the womb or a Montessori kindergarten, or disadvantages such as Jim Crow and slavery.
The other reviews of this book are quite good. Some of Jensen's many fascinating observations:
o Incest is a bad idea. The offspring have a significant intelligence deficit.
o Smart parents, alas, can't count on having equally smart kids. On average their intelligence regresses halfway back to the mean (100 for white Americans). On the bright side, the average people manage by dumb luck to produce enough smarties for each succeeding generation.
o Breast feeding makes a huge difference, about 7 IQ points. Blacks do not breast feed as often or as long as whites. Big, easy change to make in society.
o The factors generally agreed to comprise "g" differ among races and sexes. Blacks exceed whites in short term memory. Men exceed women in spatial intelligence. When the many individual factors are aggregated they reveal different means for different races, with whites in the middle with an average of 100.
o Individuals with IQs below 70 are generally considered to be retarded. White retarded kids frequently look and act somehow different, while retarded kids of other races are more normal in terms of socialization, motor skills and energy. This is related to the two types of retardation, familial and organic. In simple words, there is something "wrong with" an organically retarded child. A bad forceps delivery, spina difida or one of a number of identifiable anomalies. Familial retardation, on the other hand, simply represents a bad spin of the chromosomal wheel of fortune that is sexual reproduction. The odds are higher in populations whose median IQs are lower.
o Cause for concern: If Vanhansen and Lynn are right in "IQ and the Wealth of Nations" there are perhaps a dozen countries in which the average citizen would be considered retarded and hence marginally educable by U.S. standards.
o Illiteracy is not always a matter of reading. Below the threshold of retardation people often have the same inability to understand a sentence whether it is written or spoken. The issue is having enough "g" to make sense out of the words.
o People with lower IQs are markedly more fertile than those with higher IQs. This dysgenic (opposite of eugenic) trend stands to lower "g" within the U.S. population. Average intelligence will of course remain at 100 because by definition it is the population mean.
Jensen comes across through this book as first and foremost an inquisitive mind, a scientist. He often states with unashamed candor that he (nor anybody else) knows the answer to some knotty problems of psychometrics, like the Flynn effect that shows overall intelligence rising 3 points per generation. Contrast his thoroughness and openness with the tone of advocacy found in Stephen Jay Gould (Mismeasure of Man) and sites such as fairtest dot org. Steven Pinker describes in "The Blank Slate, the Modern Denial of Human Nature" the extreme and prolonged abuse Jensen has taken from the academic community. I'm happy to report he hasn't lost his sense of balance. Or sense of humor.The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability (Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence) Overview

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Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World Review

Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World
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Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World ReviewThis is a great book. I've read several books on this topic, and so far, they have all had a similar issue: They are written by people who are scientists first, writers second. This book has two authors. One is a scientist and the other is a science writer. This made for a well put-together, understandable explanation of complex adaptive systems, which are what ecosystems are currently understood to be.
The authors have done a few things to make the book great. First, they have broken the topic down into a set of subtopics, with one chapter explaining each subtopic. At the end of each chapter is a summary of important points so it's clear what the authors are hoping you get out of the chapter. Each chapter is then followed by a case study that is used to illustrate the ideas just covered.
If you are looking for an introductory book on ecosystems and how humans affect their ability to maintain themselves, this is the book to read. The authors also provide several good resources at the end of the book if you would like to expand your knowledge further.Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World Overview

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Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach Review

Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach
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Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach ReviewI bought this book looking for a thorough explanation of the intelligence analyst's job as I am currently an applicant for an intelligence analyst position with a US Govt agency. This book provides a comprehensive and in-depth discussion of the methods used by analysts and discusses the logical interplay between analysts and information collectors, and analysts and policy-makers. The book is clearly organized and lucidly written. Almost every aspect of the analyst's job is discussed in sufficient detail that the reader should feel completely knowledgeable of how the analyst makes estimations and predictions, and the inherent difficulty in doing so. As a career design engineer I was surprised to realize how many engineering topics were discussed - (Kalman Filtering, feedback analysis, etc.). The author makes a liberal use of relevant examples to clarify his points. The sub-title of this book suggests that the central thesis is to present and propose a new method of analysis, but I think it would be more accurate to sub-title it (Intelligence Analysis: "The" Target-Centric Approach) as opposed to "A" Target-Centric Approach. The target-centric approach is an old idea used in many disciplines, and the book still serves to thoroughly discuss the analyst's job whether or not a target-centric approach is used. However, from other sources I have investigated, the intelligence community is embracing the Target-Centric approach already as indicated by the multi-agency Joint Terrorism Task Force recently created. Therefore I think this book really discusses the current state of analysis.
For anyone trying to decide on a career in intelligence analysis this is the first book you need.
The only topic that I feel Mr. Clark did not discuss is provided in another excellent book entitled "The Psychology of Intelligence Analysis" by Richard Huerer. The book is available for free online at the CIA's website. The book discusses, among other applicable things, the reasons for and the prevention of biases in making analyses. It should be the second book you read on the road to understanding how the analyst does his job.Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach Overview

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Introduction to Paradigms: Overview, Definitions, Categories, Basics, Optimizing Paradigms & Paradigm Engines Review

Introduction to Paradigms: Overview, Definitions, Categories, Basics, Optimizing Paradigms and Paradigm Engines
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Introduction to Paradigms: Overview, Definitions, Categories, Basics, Optimizing Paradigms & Paradigm Engines ReviewIn my view, this is a Nobel Peace Prize level of reflection that demands broad digestion. This is USEFUL.
I was immediately impressed by the early portion of the book, at which point I went to the back and reviewed the bibliography, which is an impressive mix of philosophical, scientific, documented conspiracy, and systems thinking.
The author takes the trouble to describe his bouncing around different school systems, which is a completely credible way of explaining how he came early on to understand that most teachers are teaching belief rather than reality.
The book provides an easily-read clear-cut solution for eradicating the ten high-level threats identified by the United Nations (LtGen Dr. Brent Scowcroft representing the USA). This book is a perfect complement to [Collapse of Complex Societies]. I am especially taken with how the author shows paradigms in all their relevance to the human condition and to optimizing society.
There are 23 figures, all of them helpful to the architects of the EarthGame(tm) who wish to focus on reality including the charting of belief systems as they differ from reality.
The author teaches us that paradigms, and the ability to think in paradigmatic terms, are essential to:
1) Achieve the desired outcomes efficiently; and
2) AVOID the bias, corruption, disinformation, manipulation, and withholding of information that is so characteristic of Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids and The Pathology of Power - A Challenge to Human Freedom and Safety.
The purpose of paradigms is to help human manipulate (sic) the environment. The author states and only one in ten thousand understands what a paradigm is, and laments the reality that when a paradigm in power (e.g. the neoconservative paradigm) does not parallel reality, humanity suffers in catastrophic terms.
The author points out that the prevailing Machiavellian paradigm of exploiting people continues to displace the more appropriate non-violent collaborative community paradigms of Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela.
His list of failing paradigms is extraordinary; in the comments section I provide a link to my own Op-Ed on this matter written before I bought this book. He specifies:
*Education
*Employment
*National Debt
*Environment
*Food Supply
*Sick Care
*Exclusive versus Inclusive Society
*Failure of the Communist Model (allows immoral capitalism to avoid social costs)
*Event manipulation, disinformation, and cover-up.
Separately the author discusses the failure of the US financial paradigm of debt, arms subsidies, and foreign adventurism that are all unaffordable and unsustainable. The Comptroller General of the USA agrees with him, and recently informed Congress that the USA is officially "insolvent." I am NOT making this up.
The author describes paradigms as essential sense-making, pattern detecting, anomaly isolating frames of reference, and tells us there are four categories:
1) Action
2) Communication
3) Information
4) Societal
Paradigms, the author tells us, consist of factors and relationships and are best maintained by:
1) Optimizing the Truth Quotient
2) Keeping it current
3) Eliminating bias
4) Retiring & replacing as needed
Only paradigmatic thinking (along with reading, writing, mathematics, and ethics) should be taught. People need to learn how to take a "360° look" at any issue, and to recognize competing paradigms and belief systems.
The author tells us that today's real battle is not over or between paradigms, but among the larger existential challenges to Humanity:
1) Truth versus Deception
2) Survival versus Extinction
3) Enlightenment versus Exploitation
4) Living the Dream versus the Nightmare of Subsistence
5) Doing Your Thing versus Doing Someone Else's Thing
Human integrate four distinct forms of knowing and doing:
1) Body
2) Mind
3) Spirit
4) Emotion
Perceptions are biases by
1) Dimensionality
2) Paradigm filters
3) Perceptors
4) Vested interests
Efficacy is the only proof of a paradigm. The following are NOT "proof" of a paradigm: authority, legislation, logic, conviction, eloquence, poetry, rhetoric, polemics, magic tricks, ridicule, ad hominum attacks, cartoons, art, theatrics, hysteria, religion, terrorism, extortion, monopoly, fanaticism, science, law suits, nor mathematics.
Four primary paradigms that are in competition but can also be blended:
1) Authoritarian
2) Scientist
3) Empiricist (engineer that "does")
4) New Age
The author states that children have a right to be taught the truth and be taught unbiased paradigms.
Among the most terribly failed paradigms in USA the author cites, in addition to health, the Federal Reserve which usurps the Constitutional role of the US Treasury; the abdication by Congress of its Article 1 responsibilities (see The Broken Branch: How Congress Is Failing America and How to Get It Back on Track (Institutions of American Democracy) andBreach of Trust: How Washington Turns Outsiders Into Insiders; and the war on drugs, which is actually a profit-making enterprise for off the books operations (see Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion and Lost History: Contras, Cocaine, the Press & 'Project Truth')
The author ends on an optimistic note, but states that at this time more information is being withheld (unlawfully) from citizens, than is available to citizens. Quite right.
He posits the need to balance among the social roles of dreamer, seeker, exploiter, consumer, referee, and operator, while hoping for the eradication of the perverter (see The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11 and Vice: Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency)
He ends by defining how to optimize society, suggesting that only four basic skills are needed: reading & writing; mathematics; computer & communications technology end-user skill; and the ability to recognize & evaluate paradigms. He lists 12 occupational categories of importance to a society:
1) Food producer
2) Shelter builder
3) Species reproducer/maintainer
4) Dimensionality increaser
5) Paradigm teacher
6) Environmental preserver
7) Artifact builder
8) External societal defender
9) Internal societal greaser
10) Trader
11) Entertainer
12) Personal fixer (in his view, an honest society with open books and proper health care would eliminate the need for most doctors, lawyers, and accountants).
This is a very serious book by a very serious intellect. It could have "break-out" consequences as we move forward with the EarthGame(tm) and I certainly commend the book to anyone seeking to reflect on how we can displace all the liars and thieves that we have elected or allowed to run corporations that are publicly traded.
See also
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge
Introduction to Paradigms: Overview, Definitions, Categories, Basics, Optimizing Paradigms & Paradigm Engines Overview

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