Showing posts with label statistics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label statistics. Show all posts

Proofiness: The Dark Arts of Mathematical Deception Review

Proofiness: The Dark Arts of Mathematical Deception
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Proofiness: The Dark Arts of Mathematical Deception ReviewOne of the benefits of retiring from my career as a statistician is that I no longer feel it's my personal responsibility to alert friends and colleagues to the myriad ways they are being misled or deceived by the kind of abominably poor summarization of data that's pretty much the norm these days. It's just as well - who wants to be *that guy*, the crank at the table who people start to inch away from surreptitiously, avoiding eye contact all the while?
Not that I endorse misleading or deceptive data presentation - far from it. Now more than ever, as we all struggle to make sense of the avalanche of information that constantly assails us, the capacity for critical, intelligent interpretation is vital. So it's important to be able to see through the most prevalent fallacies in data interpretation, not to mention data presentation strategies deliberately intended to mislead. This latest book by Charles Seife has the laudable goal of educating the reader about some of the most common types of statistical malpractice out there, continuing a tradition established by such authors as Darrell Huff ("How to Lie With Statistics"), John Paulos ("Innumeracy"), Edward Tufte, or the authors of last year's highly successful "The Numbers Game" (Michael Blastland and Andrew Dilnot).
Unfortunately, though "Proofiness" is a well-intentioned book, it suffers from a fundamental crisis of identity. There is a major gap between what "Proofiness" promises and what Seife actually delivers. The first hundred pages cover roughly what one might expect: graphical deception by use of misleading labels or scales, comparison of apples and oranges (e.g. dollar amounts unadjusted for inflation, absence of an appropriate control group, regression to the mean), cherry-picking of data, the tendency to interpret mere random variation as systematic, nonsensical conclusions obtained by extrapolating beyond the range of observed data, overstatement of the precision of measurements, the way in which humans are hard-wired to misinterpret risk and deal poorly with calculations involving risk. Seife's exposition of these topics is lively and clear (with the major caveat discussed below). About halfway through the chapter on risk, however, he makes a major detour. His discussion of the malfeasance of those involved in the Enron debacle, the Bernie Madoff pyramid scheme, the failures at AIG, Citigroup and other institutions, and the subsequent bailout efforts has almost nothing to do with statistical trickery, focusing instead on the public policy and regulatory issues raised by the financial meltdown.
The next chapter, "Poll Cats" does return to the issues involved in conducting accurate sample surveys and presenting the data appropriately, with a reasonably clear discussion of systematic error versus random error. However, the following two chapters, "Electile Dysfunction" and "An Unfair Vote", taking up some 80 pages, really have little to do with data-related issues. Instead they provide a review of events surrounding the Florida vote count in the 2000 presidential election, the six-month circus that took place before Al Franken was eventually declared winner in the 2008 Minnesota Senate race, and a review of historical and present-day gerrymandering efforts whenever congressional redistricting comes up for discussion. Not that Seifen's review of the relevant events, and the issues they raise, is not interesting - but it is largely editorial comment on political events and, as such, it seems to belong in a different book, as does the appendix in which he discusses electronic voting. In making this criticism, I take the view that fraud, malfeasance and corruption stemming from poor public policy, faulty regulatory mechanisms, or inadequate enforcement of existing protections, really are subjects for a different kind of book than that initially described by Seifen. Though the author does return to his initial remit in the final two chapters (discussing abuse of probability and statistical arguments within the judicial system, and for propaganda purposes), overall the book does not make a coherent whole.
Then there's the caveat mentioned above, regarding Seife's exposition methods, which turns out to be a serious one, enough to prevent me from giving this book my endorsement, despite its good intentions. It's the author's predilection for coining cutesy neologisms that not only add nothing to the discussion, but actually end up seriously muddying the exposition. It's evident right there in the book's faux-cute title, "Proofiness". I wish I could say that the author offers a rigorous definition of exactly what he means by this invented term, but he doesn't. It remains unhelpfully vague throughout the book. Sadly, it's not the only example of authorial neologism run amok. "Disestimation", "Potemkin numbers", "randumbness", "regression to the moon", and the horrendous coinage "causuistry"; each of these is a neologism that adds nothing to the discussion. Many of them lack a clear definition, or when a definition is offered, the term just seems to muddy the waters. For instance, Seife uses "disestimation" to mean "overstatement of the precision of a number or measurement", indicating an error based in randomness. But the 'dis'-prefix clearly suggests a systematic error, as does the parallelism with "misestimation", a term which statisticians routinely use to indicate a systematic error. And while one applauds the author's efforts to educate his readership about the error of mistaking correlation for causation, the term "causuistry" is simply an abomination. I'm not sure where this recent trend for authors to invent their own faux-cutesy terminology, where none is needed, originates (possibly Malcolm Gladwell bears some of the responsibility), but it needs to stop.
Though I am sympathetic to the author's stated aims, his execution was such that I cannot endorse this book. Anyone interested in this important topic would be far better served by reading The Numbers Game: The Commonsense Guide to Understanding Numbers in the News, in Politics, and inLife by Michael Blastland and Andrew Dilnot.Proofiness: The Dark Arts of Mathematical Deception Overview

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The Monty Hall Problem: The Remarkable Story of Math's Most Contentious Brain Teaser Review

The Monty Hall Problem: The Remarkable Story of Math's Most Contentious Brain Teaser
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The Monty Hall Problem: The Remarkable Story of Math's Most Contentious Brain Teaser ReviewIf you are old enough, you remember the sensation that the Rubik's Cube caused all the world over in 1980. No one is still alive that remembers the 1880 fad for the analogous two-dimensional "Fifteen Puzzle", which had fifteen numbered blocks within a four by four container and you were supposed to arrange them numerically. Mechanical puzzles can make storms like these, maybe because you can solve them over and over again, but it isn't often that word puzzles produce such fads. True, the Zebra Puzzle, a reasoning exercise consisting of fifteen seemingly unconnected statements that if regarded together the right way make a logical whole, was popular in 1962. Once you solved it, however, that was that. The Monty Hall Problem entered the public consciousness in 1990 and has been completely solved, but because the solution is so counterintuitive, it is still on the minds of many. One of those minds is that of Jason Rosenhouse, an associate professor of mathematics who has written _The Monty Hall Problem: The Remarkable Story of Math's Most Contentious Brain Teaser_ (Oxford University Press). "My original idea for this book," he writes, was that an entire first course in probability could be based on nothing more than variations of the Monty Hall problem." Indeed, some of the chapters here are full-power mathematics, with unknowns x, y, and z, summation or conditional probability symbols, and complicated equations choked with parentheses within brackets, and more. Math phobics won't get far with such stuff, but there is enough other material here, along with different explanations of the basic puzzle, that will be of interest to anyone who likes recreational mathematics in even the slightest degree.
People feel strongly that the answer the mathematicians have worked out is wrong and cannot be made right. Here is the problem: You are Monty's contestant, and he presents you with three identical doors. One hides a car, which you want, but the other two doors hide goats, neither of which you want. You pick a door, but instead of opening it, Monty opens one of the other two doors. Monty knows, of course, where the car is and where the goats are, and he only opens a door that shows you a goat; in the case where you happened to pick the door hiding the car, he chooses one of the two remaining doors randomly. So then you have one door open with a goat, and two doors unopened, including the one you picked. Monty now says he will give you a choice: you can stick to the unopened door you originally picked, or you can switch to the other unopened door. So, do you stick or switch? It is obviously a fifty-fifty chance, and like so many obvious things, it is also wrong. Rosenhouse goes on to show several ways of calculating the problem, and he is good at explaining why you are twice as likely to win if you switch. Essentially, Monty is giving you extra information when he opens that door with a goat behind it. You had a one third chance of picking the door with the car to begin with, and if you have picked that door and switch, you lose. But you also had a two thirds chance of picking a goat to begin with, and (under the conditions of the problem), if you picked a goat and switch, you can only switch to the door hiding the car.
Don't worry if the summary in this review isn't convincing. Many who first saw the problem in a _Parade_ magazine article by Marilyn vos Savant in 1990 weren't convinced, either. Rosenhouse prints some of the responses to her article, many of them from mathematicians and many of them withering in their disapproval of her correct analysis that switching is the best policy by a factor of two. He is embarrassed by the vituperative nature of some of the professional voices in opposition. If this puzzle were not puzzling enough, Rosenhouse goes through many variables of the problem and its effects in different schools of thought (including quantum dynamics), because there is a huge amount that has been written about it. Rosenhouse says he could write a second book with material he has reluctantly left out of this one, and this one covers: what if there are four doors, what if there are n doors, what if there is another player playing against you, or what if Monty opens any of the three doors randomly. It covers the history of the problem and the similar problems that went before it, and it covers the psychological causes of sticking or switching, and studies that show how people tend to stick in all the cultures so far tested. Best of all, for this reader anyway, it made the previously counterintuitive strategy of switching feel a little more sensible.
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Management (Available Titles Coursemate) Review

Management (Available Titles Coursemate)
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Management (Available Titles Coursemate) ReviewThis is one of the worst textbooks I've ever come across. It was recommended to me by my professor, but I would certainly not recommended it to anyone. The language is hard to understand, repetitive, and boring. The topics covered seem to be out of touch with reality. The subjects are dealt with abstractly, and are not easily translated to real-life. I honestly don't think this book will teach or help me manage a real company.
The only reason I gave it two stars instead of one is because it "covers" a wide range of topics.Management (Available Titles Coursemate) Overview

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Social Science Methodology: A Criterial Framework Review

Social Science Methodology: A Criterial Framework
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Social Science Methodology: A Criterial Framework ReviewGerring's unique take on the endless methodological battles among social scientists--quantitative versus qualitative, interpretivists versus positivists, modelers versus historical institutionalists--will help you understand what's really at stake when academics debate methodologies. But more than that, this book will help you rethink your own approach to methodological issues. Political scientists, I beseech you: throw away the stale, pat homilies of KKV, and learn from someone who's thought more and probed deeper into core issues in social science methodology.Social Science Methodology: A Criterial Framework Overview

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Video Codec Design: Developing Image and Video Compression Systems Review

Video Codec Design: Developing Image and Video Compression Systems
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Video Codec Design: Developing Image and Video Compression Systems ReviewThis book attempts to tell you everything about all the video
compression standards in less than 300 pages. Now does that
really sound possible ?
It was obviously put together this way to appeal to the widest
possible audience, and therefore dilutes its content on each
of the individual coding standards (MPEG-1,2,4 H.263, H.264)
to the point of being useless.
JPEG gets a disproportionate 5 pages, which is not video really,
and then MPEG-2 gets 3 pages and MPEG-4 1 page. Then H.261
H.263 and H.26L are grouped together and are discussed in 13
pages.
Then the book goes into Motion Estimation/Compensation, but
of course it's presented as a generic subject not specific
to any of the standards, which is okay for the pure ME part
but the various encoding modes of the individual standards
are lost (hey, isn't this a HUGE part of understanding
video compression ?).
Rate control, the brains of the video codec, is glossed over.
There is a brief intro to Rate-Distortion theory which doesn't
mention clearly that this is impractical from an implementation
standpoint, and then a brief rehash of TM5 for MPEG-2 and TM8
for H.263.
So far, the only decent book I've found on video compression
(where my interest has been MPEG-2) is "Techniques and Standards
for Image, Video and Audio Coding" by Rao and Hwang.
Then again, I haven't found a thing in any of these books that
you cannot find on the web for free that is much better.Video Codec Design: Developing Image and Video Compression Systems Overview

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Engineering mathematics handbook: Definitions, theorems, formulas, tables Review

Engineering mathematics handbook: Definitions, theorems, formulas, tables
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Engineering mathematics handbook: Definitions, theorems, formulas, tables ReviewFirst of all my review is on the 1979 version of this book. It has been in my possession that long. Once again today, it helped me drag up a mathematical fact I had long forgotten.
In 1976 I graduated from college with an associates degree in engineering. I had high school algebra, geometry, trigonometry and calculus behind me. Also with my two year degree, I had calculus, analytical geometry and differential equations as well. I needed a single reference that would cover everything. Then I happened upon this book in a bookstore. What a prize this was!
Since that time, I have completed both my B.S.M.E and a Masters in Mechanical Engineering and I have this dog eared book beside me at all time. From looking up linear algebraic equations, differential calculus, vector analysis, complex variables, all the way to the formula for the eccentricity of an ellipse for my son this evening, this book has baled me out of referring to ten other books. It is well worth the investment.
Ironically, years later when discussing a geometric equation with a co-worker he commented that he relied on a great reference he found in book store many years earlier while attending college. You got it, it was the same book.
What I can't speak to is the last two chapters that are new to this edition. Mine only goes to Chapter 20.
What I also should note, as a Mechanical engineer using this, I found it incredibly useful. I have no idea if a person that does not regularly use geometry, trigonometry, algebra, calculus, linear algebra, etc., would get very much use from it or not. For students in this field I found it to be very useful. Basically, read the table of contents Amazon provides and make your own judgement.Engineering mathematics handbook: Definitions, theorems, formulas, tables Overview

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Understanding Pharmacoepidemiology (LANGE Clinical Science) Review

Understanding Pharmacoepidemiology (LANGE Clinical Science)
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Understanding Pharmacoepidemiology (LANGE Clinical Science) ReviewThis textbook is very easy to read and it makes a lot of sense. I noticed how quickly it is to read it - I was able to finish the book without problems within 1 day (before the exam). The drawbacks include infrequent typos, but they do not seem to interfere with the information presented.
Examples and case studies in the book are very helpful. It is a must in pharmacy curriculum.Understanding Pharmacoepidemiology (LANGE Clinical Science) Overview

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